| SNOW/SOLID PRECIPITATION | Recommended minimum frequency of observations at CryoNet stations | ||||||||||
| Variable | Timescale | ||||||||||
| hourly | daily | weekly | bi-weekly | monthly | half-yearly | yearly | multi-year | ||||
| Snow on the ground (According to WMO code 0975: State of ground with snow or measurable ice cover.) |
M(S) | ||||||||||
| Snow depth (including stake farms and snow courses) |
A(S, G, SI, LRI) | M(S) | M(SI, LRI) | M(G, IS) | |||||||
| Snow
depth (including stake farms and snow courses) |
A(IS, P) | M(P) | M(S) | ||||||||
| Snow water equivalent | A(S) | M(S) | M(G, IS) | ||||||||
| Solid precipitation (Requires both amount and type of precipitation to be measured) |
A(S) | ||||||||||
| Snow profiles (density, grain shape & size, hardness, liquid water content, salinity, temperature) | M(S) | M(IS) | |||||||||
| Snow profiles (density, grain shape & size, hardness, liquid water content, salinity, temperature) | M(SI, LRI) | ||||||||||
| Depth of snowfall | M(S) | ||||||||||
| Water equivalent of snowfall | M(S) | ||||||||||
| Snow cover extent | A(SI, LRI) | M(SI, LRI) | |||||||||
| Snow chemistry | M(S, IS) | ||||||||||
| Snow surface temperature | A(S, SI) | M(SI) | |||||||||
| Snow temperature | A(S) | ||||||||||
| Drifting snow | A(S) | M(S) | |||||||||
| Specific surface area | M(S) | M(IS) | |||||||||
| Blue shading/fill indicates recommended measurements for CryoNet stations | |||||||||||
| Green shading/fill indicates desired measurements for CryoNet stations | |||||||||||
| A: automatic, M: manual | |||||||||||
| S: snow, G: glaciers, IS: ice sheets, ISV: ice shelves, P: permafrost, SFG: seasonally frozen ground, SI: sea ice, LRI: lake and river ice | |||||||||||
| GLACIERS and ICE CAPS | Recommended minimum frequency of observations at CryoNet stations | ||||||||||
| Variable | Timescale | ||||||||||
| hourly | daily | weekly | bi-weekly | monthly | seasonal | yearly | multi-year | ||||
| Surface accumulation (point) | A | M | |||||||||
| Surface ablation (point) | A | M | |||||||||
| Surface mass balance (glacier wide) | M | ||||||||||
| Surface mass balance (point) | A | M | |||||||||
| Glacier area (glacier wide) | M | ||||||||||
| Surface accumulation (glacier wide) | M | ||||||||||
| Surface ablation (glacier wide) | M | ||||||||||
| Basal Ablation (point) | A | M | |||||||||
| Glacier thickness (point) | M | ||||||||||
| Glacier volume (glacier wide) | M | ||||||||||
| Glacial runoff | A | ||||||||||
| Calving flux (point) | A/M | ||||||||||
| Ice velocity (point) | A | M | |||||||||
| Ice/firn temperature profile (point) | A | ||||||||||
| Blue shading/fill indicates recommended measurements for CryoNet stations | |||||||||||
| Green shading/fill indicates desired measurements for CryoNet stations | |||||||||||
| A: automatic, M: manual | |||||||||||
| ICE SHEETS | Recommended minimum frequency of observations at CryoNet stations | ||||||||||
| Variable | Timescale | ||||||||||
| hourly | daily | weekly | bi-weekly | monthly | seasonal | yearly | multi-year | ||||
| Surface accumulation (point) | A | ||||||||||
| Surface ablation (point) | A | ||||||||||
| Surface mass balance (point) | A | M | |||||||||
| Ice sheet thickness (point) | M | ||||||||||
| Ice velocity (point) | A | ||||||||||
| Ice/firn temperature profile (point) | A | ||||||||||
| Blue shading/fill indicates recommended measurements for CryoNet stations | |||||||||||
| Green shading/fill indicates desired measurements for CryoNet stations | |||||||||||
| A: automatic, M: manual | |||||||||||
| ICE SHELVES | Recommended minimum frequency of observations at CryoNet stations | ||||||||||
| Variable | Timescale | ||||||||||
| hourly | daily | weekly | bi-weekly | monthly | seasonal | yearly | multi-year | ||||
| Basal Ablation | A/M | ||||||||||
| Ice velocity | A | M | |||||||||
| Blue shading/fill indicates recommended measurements for CryoNet stations | |||||||||||
| Green shading/fill indicates desired measurements for CryoNet stations | |||||||||||
| A: automatic, M: manual | |||||||||||
| ICEBERGS | Recommended minimum frequency of observations at CryoNet stations | ||||||||||
| Variable | Timescale | ||||||||||
| hourly | daily | weekly | bi-weekly | monthly | half-yearly | yearly | multi-year | ||||
| Iceberg position | M | ||||||||||
| Iceberg form, size | M | ||||||||||
| Concentration (distance) of icebergs | M | ||||||||||
| Iceberg motion | A,M | ||||||||||
| Iceberg height (above the sea) | A,M | ||||||||||
| Iceberg width, length (at waterline) | A,M | ||||||||||
| Iceberg draft | A | ||||||||||
| Underwater 3-D form | A | ||||||||||
| Blue shading/fill indicates recommended measurements for CryoNet stations | |||||||||||
| Green shading/fill indicates desired measurements for CryoNet stations | |||||||||||
| A: automatic, M: manual | |||||||||||
| PERMAFROST | Recommended minimum frequency of observations at CryoNet stations | ||||||||||
| Variable | Timescale | ||||||||||
| hourly | daily | weekly | bi-weekly | monthly | half-yearly | yearly | multi-year | ||||
| Ground temperature | A | ||||||||||
| Active layer thickness | A | M | |||||||||
| Rock glacier creep velocity | M | ||||||||||
| Rock glacier discharge | M | ||||||||||
| Rock glacier spring temperature | M | ||||||||||
| seasonal frost heath/subsidence | M | ||||||||||
| surface elevation change | M | ||||||||||
| ground ice volume | M | ||||||||||
| coastal retreat | M | ||||||||||
| soil moisture | A | M | |||||||||
| Blue shading/fill indicates recommended measurements for CryoNet stations | |||||||||||
| Green shading/fill indicates desired measurements for CryoNet stations | |||||||||||
| A: automatic, M: manual | |||||||||||
| SEASONALLY FROZEN GROUND | Recommended minimum frequency of observations at CryoNet stations | ||||||||||
| Variable | Timescale | ||||||||||
| hourly | daily | weekly | bi-weekly | monthly | half-yearly | yearly | multi-year | ||||
| Ground temperature | A | ||||||||||
| Blue shading/fill indicates recommended measurements for CryoNet stations | |||||||||||
| Green shading/fill indicates desired measurements for CryoNet stations | |||||||||||
| A: automatic, M: manual | |||||||||||
| SEA ICE | Recommended minimum frequency of observations at CryoNet stations | ||||||||||
| Variable | Timescale | ||||||||||
| hourly | daily | weekly | bi-weekly | monthly | half-yearly | yearly | multi-year | ||||
| Sea ice thickness | A | M | |||||||||
| Sea ice freeboard | A | M | |||||||||
| Sea ice concentration | A, M | ||||||||||
| Sea ice class (pack, fast ice) | M | ||||||||||
| Sea ice type (level/rafted/ridged & floe descriptor) | M | ||||||||||
| Form of ice (floe size) | M | ||||||||||
| Stage of ice development | M | ||||||||||
| Sea ice phenomena (dates of freeze-up, fast-ice formation/breakout, melt onset, break-up) | A/M | M | |||||||||
| Sea ice stage of melting | M | ||||||||||
| Sea ice openings (leads, polynyas, cracks) | A | ||||||||||
| Sea ice velocity | A | M | |||||||||
| Sea ice deformation (divergence/convergence) | A | M | |||||||||
| Sea ice ridge height | A | M | |||||||||
| Sea ice ridge cover (concentration of ice ridges) | A | M | |||||||||
| Sea ice draft | M | ||||||||||
| Sea ice salinity profile (vertical) | M | ||||||||||
| Sea ice stratigraphy | M | ||||||||||
| Surface temperature (surface-air interface) | A | ||||||||||
| Sea ice temperature profile (vertical) | A | M | |||||||||
| Blue shading/fill indicates recommended measurements for CryoNet stations | |||||||||||
| Green shading/fill indicates desired measurements for CryoNet stations | |||||||||||
| A: automatic, M: manual | |||||||||||
| LAKE ICE | Recommended minimum frequency of observations at CryoNet stations | ||||||||||
| Variable | Timescale | ||||||||||
| hourly | daily | weekly | bi-weekly | monthly | half-yearly | yearly | multi-year | ||||
| Ice thickness | A | M | |||||||||
| Ice concentration | A, M | ||||||||||
| Ice class (pack, fast ice) | M | ||||||||||
| Ice type (level/rafted/ridged & floe descriptor) | M | ||||||||||
| Form of ice (floe size, fast ice width) | M | ||||||||||
| Stage of ice development | M | ||||||||||
| Ice phenomena (dates of freeze-up, fast-ice formation/breakout, melt onset, break-up) | A/M | M | |||||||||
| Ice stage of melting | M | ||||||||||
| Areal extent of floating/grounded ice | M | ||||||||||
| Ice surface temperature | A | ||||||||||
| Ice openings (leads, polynyas, cracks) | A | ||||||||||
| Ice velocity | A | M | |||||||||
| Ice deformation (divergence/convergence) | A | M | |||||||||
| Ice ridge height | A | M | |||||||||
| Ice ridge cover (concentration of ice ridges) | A | M | |||||||||
| Ice stratigraphy | M | ||||||||||
| Ice temperature profile (vertical) | A | M | |||||||||
| Blue shading/fill indicates recommended measurements for CryoNet stations | |||||||||||
| Green shading/fill indicates desired measurements for CryoNet stations | |||||||||||
| A: automatic, M: manual | |||||||||||
| RIVER ICE | Recommended minimum frequency of observations at CryoNet stations | ||||||||||
| Variable | Timescale | ||||||||||
| hourly | daily | weekly | bi-weekly | monthly | half-yearly | yearly | multi-year | ||||
| Ice thickness | A | M | |||||||||
| Ice concentration | A, M | ||||||||||
| Ice class (pack, fast ice) | M | ||||||||||
| Ice type (level/rafted/ridged & floe descriptor) | M | ||||||||||
| Form of ice (floe size, fast ice width) | M | ||||||||||
| Stage of ice development | M | ||||||||||
| Ice phenomena (dates of freeze-up, fast-ice formation/breakout, melt onset, break-up) | A/M | M | |||||||||
| Ice stage of melting | M | ||||||||||
| River ice jams and dams | M | ||||||||||
| Flooding extent caused by jams and dams | M | ||||||||||
| River icings (aufeis) | M | ||||||||||
| Maximum level | M | ||||||||||
| Areal extent of floating/grounded ice | M | ||||||||||
| Ice surface temperature | A | ||||||||||
| Ice openings (leads, polynyas, cracks) | A | ||||||||||
| Ice deformation (divergence/convergence) | A | M | |||||||||
| Ice ridge height | A | M | |||||||||
| Ice ridge cover (concentration of ice ridges) | A | M | |||||||||
| Ice stratigraphy | M | ||||||||||
| Ice temperature profile (vertical) | A | M | |||||||||
| Blue shading/fill indicates recommended measurements for CryoNet stations | |||||||||||
| Green shading/fill indicates desired measurements for CryoNet stations | |||||||||||
| A: automatic, M: manual | |||||||||||
| SURFACE METEOROLOGY | Required/recommended minimum frequency of observations at CryoNet stations | ||||||||||
| Variable | Timescale | ||||||||||
| hourly | daily | weekly | bi-weekly | monthly | half-yearly | yearly | multi-year | ||||
| Air temperature | A | ||||||||||
| Air humidity | A | ||||||||||
| Wind speed | A | ||||||||||
| Wind direction | A | ||||||||||
| Air pressure | A | ||||||||||
| Incoming shortwave radiation | A | ||||||||||
| Reflected shortwave radiation | A | ||||||||||
| Incoming longwave radiation | A | ||||||||||
| Outgoing longwave radiation | A | ||||||||||
| Precipitation | A | ||||||||||
| Yellow shading/fill indicates required measurements for CryoNet stations | |||||||||||
| Blue shading/fill indicates recommended measurements for CryoNet stations | |||||||||||
| Green shading/fill indicates desired measurements for CryoNet stations | |||||||||||
| A: automatic, M: manual | |||||||||||