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Zongo Glacier
Reference CryoNet Station Information
The Zongo Glacier is a temperate glacier covering an area of 1.876 km2 (in 2013) over a catchment area of 3.3 km2. Its length is around 3 km and its width is around 0.75 km, flowing from 6100 to 4900 m a.s.l., the average ice flow velocity is 15 m/year between 5200 to 4900 m a.s.l. Zongo Glacier is located in the Huayna Potosi region (Cordillera Real, Bolivia) 30 km north of La Paz city, between the dry Altiplano plateau in the west and the wet Amazonian basin in the east, under outer tropics meteorological conditions (strong seasonality in precipitation, low seasonality in temperature).
Other Networks to Which This CryoNet Station Belongs
- GLACIOCLIM Observatory - France (Les Glaciers un Observatoire du Climat). This observatory is a permanent structure funded by the French Ministry of Research, the French National Center of Investigation (CNRS) and the French Institute for Research and Development (IRD).
- http://www-lgge.ujf-grenoble.fr/ServiceObs/index.htm
Measurement Methods Used
- UNESCO
- GTN-G/WGMS
Data Information
- Are the data quality controlled? yes
- How are the data accessible? an existing data center
- Data availability (may depend on the variable measured): delayed more than one year
Publications
Francou, B., P. Ribstein, R. Saravia and E. Tiriau. 1995. Monthly balance and water discharge of an inter-tropical glacier: Zongo Glacier, Cordillera Real, Bolivia, 16°S. J. Glaciol., 41, 61-67.
Rabatel, A., A. Bermejo, E. Loarte, A. Soruco, J. Gomez, G. Leonardini, C. Vincent and J.-E. Sicart. 2012a. Can the snowline be used as an indicator of the equilibrium line and mass balance for glaciers in the outer tropics? J. Glaciol., 58, 1027-1036. doi: 10.3189/2012JoG12J027
Rabatel, A., B. Francou, A. Soruco, J. Gomez, B. Caceres, J.L. Ceballos, R. Basantes, M. Vuille, J.-E. Sicart, C. Huggel, M. Scheel, Y. Lejeune, Y. Arnaud, M. Collet, T. Condom, G. Consoli, V. Favier, V. Jomelli, R. Galarraga, P. Ginot, L. Maisincho, M. Ménégoz, J. Mendoza, E. Ramirez, P. Ribstein, W. Suarez, M. Villacis and P. Wagnon. 2013a. Current state of glaciers in the tropical Andes: a multi-century perspective on glacier evolution and climate change. Cryosphere, 7, 81-102. doi: 10.5194/tc-7-81-2013
Sicart, J.-E., P. Ribstein, J.-P. Chazarin and E. Berthier. 2002. Solid precipitation on a tropical glacier in Bolivia using ultrasonic depth gauge measurements. Water Res. Res., 38, 7.1-7.7.
Sicart, J.-E., P. Wagnon and P. Ribstein. 2005. Atmospheric controls of heat balance of Zongo Glacier (16°S, Bolivia). J. Geophys. Res., 110, D12106. doi: 10.1029/2004JD005732
Sicart, J.-E., P. Ribstein, B. Francou, B. Pouyaud and T. Condom. 2007. Glacier mass balance of tropical Zongo glacier, Bolivia, comparing hydrological and glaciological methods. Glob. Planet. Chang., 59, 27-36. doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.11.024
Soruco, A., C. Vincent, B. Francou, P. Ribstein, T. Berger, J.-E. Sicart, P. Wagnon, Y. Arnaud, V. Favier and Y. Lejeune. 2009a. Mass balance of Glaciar Zongo, Bolivia, between 1956 and 2006, using glaciological, hydrological and geodetic methods. Ann. Glaciol., 50, 1-8.
Wagnon, P., P. Ribstein, B. Francou and B. Pouyaud. 1999. Annual cycle of energy balance of Zongo Glacier, Cordillera Real, Bolivia. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 3907-3923.
Wagnon, P., P. Ribstein, B. Francou and J.-E. Sicart. 2001. Anomalous heat and mass balance budget of Glaciar Zongo, Bolivia, during the 1997/98, El Nino year. J. Glaciol., 47, 21-28.
Rabatel, A., A. Bermejo, E. Loarte, A. Soruco, J. Gomez, G. Leonardini, C. Vincent and J.-E. Sicart. 2012a. Can the snowline be used as an indicator of the equilibrium line and mass balance for glaciers in the outer tropics? J. Glaciol., 58, 1027-1036. doi: 10.3189/2012JoG12J027
Rabatel, A., B. Francou, A. Soruco, J. Gomez, B. Caceres, J.L. Ceballos, R. Basantes, M. Vuille, J.-E. Sicart, C. Huggel, M. Scheel, Y. Lejeune, Y. Arnaud, M. Collet, T. Condom, G. Consoli, V. Favier, V. Jomelli, R. Galarraga, P. Ginot, L. Maisincho, M. Ménégoz, J. Mendoza, E. Ramirez, P. Ribstein, W. Suarez, M. Villacis and P. Wagnon. 2013a. Current state of glaciers in the tropical Andes: a multi-century perspective on glacier evolution and climate change. Cryosphere, 7, 81-102. doi: 10.5194/tc-7-81-2013
Sicart, J.-E., P. Ribstein, J.-P. Chazarin and E. Berthier. 2002. Solid precipitation on a tropical glacier in Bolivia using ultrasonic depth gauge measurements. Water Res. Res., 38, 7.1-7.7.
Sicart, J.-E., P. Wagnon and P. Ribstein. 2005. Atmospheric controls of heat balance of Zongo Glacier (16°S, Bolivia). J. Geophys. Res., 110, D12106. doi: 10.1029/2004JD005732
Sicart, J.-E., P. Ribstein, B. Francou, B. Pouyaud and T. Condom. 2007. Glacier mass balance of tropical Zongo glacier, Bolivia, comparing hydrological and glaciological methods. Glob. Planet. Chang., 59, 27-36. doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.11.024
Soruco, A., C. Vincent, B. Francou, P. Ribstein, T. Berger, J.-E. Sicart, P. Wagnon, Y. Arnaud, V. Favier and Y. Lejeune. 2009a. Mass balance of Glaciar Zongo, Bolivia, between 1956 and 2006, using glaciological, hydrological and geodetic methods. Ann. Glaciol., 50, 1-8.
Wagnon, P., P. Ribstein, B. Francou and B. Pouyaud. 1999. Annual cycle of energy balance of Zongo Glacier, Cordillera Real, Bolivia. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 3907-3923.
Wagnon, P., P. Ribstein, B. Francou and J.-E. Sicart. 2001. Anomalous heat and mass balance budget of Glaciar Zongo, Bolivia, during the 1997/98, El Nino year. J. Glaciol., 47, 21-28.
Measurements
The measurements made at Zongo Glacier are listed in the following tables. (Note: If End Year is blank, measurements are ongoing.)
Cryosphere Measurements
| Atmosphere Measurements
|
Measurement Notes and Other Measurements
| Category | Description or List |
|---|---|
| Hydrology | Continuous runoff measurements of the proglacial stream |
| Ecology | Patterns of plant-plant interactions are measured on the proglacial margin of Zongo Glacier into four deglaciation bands encompassing the recent acceleration of global warming since the 1970s: 0-7 years, 7-16 years, 16-30 years, and 30-38 years. In each band about 20 plots of 1m² were delimited. For each plot the interactions among individuals plants of different species is studied.
Water of the proglacial stream is sampled regularly to measure the macro-invertebrates population and its evolution. |
| Other | Atmosphere and aerosols
The Chacaltaya GAW Station (CHC) is located close to Zongo glacier and measures since 2011 atmospheric parameters and composition (gas concentrations, particles size distribution, optical properties, chemical composition and meteorological parameters). http://www.chacaltaya.edu.bo/ |
