SNOW/SOLID PRECIPITATION | Recommended minimum frequency of observations at CryoNet stations | ||||||||||
Variable | Timescale | ||||||||||
hourly | daily | weekly | bi-weekly | monthly | half-yearly | yearly | multi-year | ||||
Snow on the ground (According to WMO code 0975: State of ground with snow or measurable ice cover.) |
M(S) | ||||||||||
Snow depth (including stake farms and snow courses) |
A(S, G, SI, LRI) | M(S) | M(SI, LRI) | M(G, IS) | |||||||
Snow
depth (including stake farms and snow courses) |
A(IS, P) | M(P) | M(S) | ||||||||
Snow water equivalent | A(S) | M(S) | M(G, IS) | ||||||||
Solid precipitation (Requires both amount and type of precipitation to be measured) |
A(S) | ||||||||||
Snow profiles (density, grain shape & size, hardness, liquid water content, salinity, temperature) | M(S) | M(IS) | |||||||||
Snow profiles (density, grain shape & size, hardness, liquid water content, salinity, temperature) | M(SI, LRI) | ||||||||||
Depth of snowfall | M(S) | ||||||||||
Water equivalent of snowfall | M(S) | ||||||||||
Snow cover extent | A(SI, LRI) | M(SI, LRI) | |||||||||
Snow chemistry | M(S, IS) | ||||||||||
Snow surface temperature | A(S, SI) | M(SI) | |||||||||
Snow temperature | A(S) | ||||||||||
Drifting snow | A(S) | M(S) | |||||||||
Specific surface area | M(S) | M(IS) | |||||||||
Blue shading/fill indicates recommended measurements for CryoNet stations | |||||||||||
Green shading/fill indicates desired measurements for CryoNet stations | |||||||||||
A: automatic, M: manual | |||||||||||
S: snow, G: glaciers, IS: ice sheets, ISV: ice shelves, P: permafrost, SFG: seasonally frozen ground, SI: sea ice, LRI: lake and river ice | |||||||||||
GLACIERS and ICE CAPS | Recommended minimum frequency of observations at CryoNet stations | ||||||||||
Variable | Timescale | ||||||||||
hourly | daily | weekly | bi-weekly | monthly | seasonal | yearly | multi-year | ||||
Surface accumulation (point) | A | M | |||||||||
Surface ablation (point) | A | M | |||||||||
Surface mass balance (glacier wide) | M | ||||||||||
Surface mass balance (point) | A | M | |||||||||
Glacier area (glacier wide) | M | ||||||||||
Surface accumulation (glacier wide) | M | ||||||||||
Surface ablation (glacier wide) | M | ||||||||||
Basal Ablation (point) | A | M | |||||||||
Glacier thickness (point) | M | ||||||||||
Glacier volume (glacier wide) | M | ||||||||||
Glacial runoff | A | ||||||||||
Calving flux (point) | A/M | ||||||||||
Ice velocity (point) | A | M | |||||||||
Ice/firn temperature profile (point) | A | ||||||||||
Blue shading/fill indicates recommended measurements for CryoNet stations | |||||||||||
Green shading/fill indicates desired measurements for CryoNet stations | |||||||||||
A: automatic, M: manual | |||||||||||
ICE SHEETS | Recommended minimum frequency of observations at CryoNet stations | ||||||||||
Variable | Timescale | ||||||||||
hourly | daily | weekly | bi-weekly | monthly | seasonal | yearly | multi-year | ||||
Surface accumulation (point) | A | ||||||||||
Surface ablation (point) | A | ||||||||||
Surface mass balance (point) | A | M | |||||||||
Ice sheet thickness (point) | M | ||||||||||
Ice velocity (point) | A | ||||||||||
Ice/firn temperature profile (point) | A | ||||||||||
Blue shading/fill indicates recommended measurements for CryoNet stations | |||||||||||
Green shading/fill indicates desired measurements for CryoNet stations | |||||||||||
A: automatic, M: manual | |||||||||||
ICE SHELVES | Recommended minimum frequency of observations at CryoNet stations | ||||||||||
Variable | Timescale | ||||||||||
hourly | daily | weekly | bi-weekly | monthly | seasonal | yearly | multi-year | ||||
Basal Ablation | A/M | ||||||||||
Ice velocity | A | M | |||||||||
Blue shading/fill indicates recommended measurements for CryoNet stations | |||||||||||
Green shading/fill indicates desired measurements for CryoNet stations | |||||||||||
A: automatic, M: manual | |||||||||||
ICEBERGS | Recommended minimum frequency of observations at CryoNet stations | ||||||||||
Variable | Timescale | ||||||||||
hourly | daily | weekly | bi-weekly | monthly | half-yearly | yearly | multi-year | ||||
Iceberg position | M | ||||||||||
Iceberg form, size | M | ||||||||||
Concentration (distance) of icebergs | M | ||||||||||
Iceberg motion | A,M | ||||||||||
Iceberg height (above the sea) | A,M | ||||||||||
Iceberg width, length (at waterline) | A,M | ||||||||||
Iceberg draft | A | ||||||||||
Underwater 3-D form | A | ||||||||||
Blue shading/fill indicates recommended measurements for CryoNet stations | |||||||||||
Green shading/fill indicates desired measurements for CryoNet stations | |||||||||||
A: automatic, M: manual | |||||||||||
PERMAFROST | Recommended minimum frequency of observations at CryoNet stations | ||||||||||
Variable | Timescale | ||||||||||
hourly | daily | weekly | bi-weekly | monthly | half-yearly | yearly | multi-year | ||||
Ground temperature | A | ||||||||||
Active layer thickness | A | M | |||||||||
Rock glacier creep velocity | M | ||||||||||
Rock glacier discharge | M | ||||||||||
Rock glacier spring temperature | M | ||||||||||
seasonal frost heath/subsidence | M | ||||||||||
surface elevation change | M | ||||||||||
ground ice volume | M | ||||||||||
coastal retreat | M | ||||||||||
soil moisture | A | M | |||||||||
Blue shading/fill indicates recommended measurements for CryoNet stations | |||||||||||
Green shading/fill indicates desired measurements for CryoNet stations | |||||||||||
A: automatic, M: manual | |||||||||||
SEASONALLY FROZEN GROUND | Recommended minimum frequency of observations at CryoNet stations | ||||||||||
Variable | Timescale | ||||||||||
hourly | daily | weekly | bi-weekly | monthly | half-yearly | yearly | multi-year | ||||
Ground temperature | A | ||||||||||
Blue shading/fill indicates recommended measurements for CryoNet stations | |||||||||||
Green shading/fill indicates desired measurements for CryoNet stations | |||||||||||
A: automatic, M: manual | |||||||||||
SEA ICE | Recommended minimum frequency of observations at CryoNet stations | ||||||||||
Variable | Timescale | ||||||||||
hourly | daily | weekly | bi-weekly | monthly | half-yearly | yearly | multi-year | ||||
Sea ice thickness | A | M | |||||||||
Sea ice freeboard | A | M | |||||||||
Sea ice concentration | A, M | ||||||||||
Sea ice class (pack, fast ice) | M | ||||||||||
Sea ice type (level/rafted/ridged & floe descriptor) | M | ||||||||||
Form of ice (floe size) | M | ||||||||||
Stage of ice development | M | ||||||||||
Sea ice phenomena (dates of freeze-up, fast-ice formation/breakout, melt onset, break-up) | A/M | M | |||||||||
Sea ice stage of melting | M | ||||||||||
Sea ice openings (leads, polynyas, cracks) | A | ||||||||||
Sea ice velocity | A | M | |||||||||
Sea ice deformation (divergence/convergence) | A | M | |||||||||
Sea ice ridge height | A | M | |||||||||
Sea ice ridge cover (concentration of ice ridges) | A | M | |||||||||
Sea ice draft | M | ||||||||||
Sea ice salinity profile (vertical) | M | ||||||||||
Sea ice stratigraphy | M | ||||||||||
Surface temperature (surface-air interface) | A | ||||||||||
Sea ice temperature profile (vertical) | A | M | |||||||||
Blue shading/fill indicates recommended measurements for CryoNet stations | |||||||||||
Green shading/fill indicates desired measurements for CryoNet stations | |||||||||||
A: automatic, M: manual | |||||||||||
LAKE ICE | Recommended minimum frequency of observations at CryoNet stations | ||||||||||
Variable | Timescale | ||||||||||
hourly | daily | weekly | bi-weekly | monthly | half-yearly | yearly | multi-year | ||||
Ice thickness | A | M | |||||||||
Ice concentration | A, M | ||||||||||
Ice class (pack, fast ice) | M | ||||||||||
Ice type (level/rafted/ridged & floe descriptor) | M | ||||||||||
Form of ice (floe size, fast ice width) | M | ||||||||||
Stage of ice development | M | ||||||||||
Ice phenomena (dates of freeze-up, fast-ice formation/breakout, melt onset, break-up) | A/M | M | |||||||||
Ice stage of melting | M | ||||||||||
Areal extent of floating/grounded ice | M | ||||||||||
Ice surface temperature | A | ||||||||||
Ice openings (leads, polynyas, cracks) | A | ||||||||||
Ice velocity | A | M | |||||||||
Ice deformation (divergence/convergence) | A | M | |||||||||
Ice ridge height | A | M | |||||||||
Ice ridge cover (concentration of ice ridges) | A | M | |||||||||
Ice stratigraphy | M | ||||||||||
Ice temperature profile (vertical) | A | M | |||||||||
Blue shading/fill indicates recommended measurements for CryoNet stations | |||||||||||
Green shading/fill indicates desired measurements for CryoNet stations | |||||||||||
A: automatic, M: manual | |||||||||||
RIVER ICE | Recommended minimum frequency of observations at CryoNet stations | ||||||||||
Variable | Timescale | ||||||||||
hourly | daily | weekly | bi-weekly | monthly | half-yearly | yearly | multi-year | ||||
Ice thickness | A | M | |||||||||
Ice concentration | A, M | ||||||||||
Ice class (pack, fast ice) | M | ||||||||||
Ice type (level/rafted/ridged & floe descriptor) | M | ||||||||||
Form of ice (floe size, fast ice width) | M | ||||||||||
Stage of ice development | M | ||||||||||
Ice phenomena (dates of freeze-up, fast-ice formation/breakout, melt onset, break-up) | A/M | M | |||||||||
Ice stage of melting | M | ||||||||||
River ice jams and dams | M | ||||||||||
Flooding extent caused by jams and dams | M | ||||||||||
River icings (aufeis) | M | ||||||||||
Maximum level | M | ||||||||||
Areal extent of floating/grounded ice | M | ||||||||||
Ice surface temperature | A | ||||||||||
Ice openings (leads, polynyas, cracks) | A | ||||||||||
Ice deformation (divergence/convergence) | A | M | |||||||||
Ice ridge height | A | M | |||||||||
Ice ridge cover (concentration of ice ridges) | A | M | |||||||||
Ice stratigraphy | M | ||||||||||
Ice temperature profile (vertical) | A | M | |||||||||
Blue shading/fill indicates recommended measurements for CryoNet stations | |||||||||||
Green shading/fill indicates desired measurements for CryoNet stations | |||||||||||
A: automatic, M: manual | |||||||||||
SURFACE METEOROLOGY | Required/recommended minimum frequency of observations at CryoNet stations | ||||||||||
Variable | Timescale | ||||||||||
hourly | daily | weekly | bi-weekly | monthly | half-yearly | yearly | multi-year | ||||
Air temperature | A | ||||||||||
Air humidity | A | ||||||||||
Wind speed | A | ||||||||||
Wind direction | A | ||||||||||
Air pressure | A | ||||||||||
Incoming shortwave radiation | A | ||||||||||
Reflected shortwave radiation | A | ||||||||||
Incoming longwave radiation | A | ||||||||||
Outgoing longwave radiation | A | ||||||||||
Precipitation | A | ||||||||||
Yellow shading/fill indicates required measurements for CryoNet stations | |||||||||||
Blue shading/fill indicates recommended measurements for CryoNet stations | |||||||||||
Green shading/fill indicates desired measurements for CryoNet stations | |||||||||||
A: automatic, M: manual |